With the exception of the presentation changes described below, the accounting policies have remained unchanged in comparison with the previous year. In 2009, Merck started to report commission income as a part of total revenues, as this income now constitutes a fixed component of revenues from ordinary activities. Under commission income, we record income from activities performed by Merck for third parties on a commission basis, or income received by Merck from activities performed with partners on a cooperation basis. This income was so far reported together with commission expenses under marketing and selling expenses. This led to income of € 24.4 million (2008: € 31.6 million) in 2009. The previous year’s presentation and key figures have been adjusted accordingly. Since 2009, write-downs of license rights recognized within the scope of the purchase price allocation for acquisitions have been reported under Amortization of intangible assets because these expenses are directly connected to ongoing business activities. Previously, these were reported under Exceptional items. In 2009, € 71.5 million (2008: € 42.9 million) was written down in this context. During fiscal 2009, Merck began to cover the pension obligations of Merck KGaA on a long-term basis. These assets are reported under a separate item in the balance sheet. For further explanations concerning financial assets to cover pension obligations, please see Note [24].
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires that assumptions and estimates be made to a certain extent. This affects in particular the amount and the presentation of assets and liabilities, information on contingent liabilities, as well as reported income and expenses. Corresponding scope for discretion results, for example, when performing impairment tests of intangible assets and of property, plant and equipment, as well as when recognizing and measuring provisions. In each case, the assumptions and estimates are based on the state of knowledge and data currently available, however the actual results may deviate from the expected values and lead to corresponding adjustments of book values for the relevant assets and liabilities. The assumptions and estimates relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are reviewed on an ongoing basis. The material assumptions and parameters for the estimates made are presented in the Notes.
Consolidation methods
The consolidated financial statements are based on the single-entity financial statements of the consolidated companies as of December 31, 2009, which were prepared applying consistent accounting polices in accordance with IFRS.
Acquisitions are accounted for using the purchase method in accordance with IFRS 3. Subsidiaries consolidated for the first time in the reporting period are measured at the carrying values at the time of acquisition on the basis of corresponding financial statements. Resulting differences are recognized as assets and liabilities to the extent that their fair values differ from the values actually carried in the financial statements. Any remaining difference is recognized as goodwill within intangible assets, and is subjected to a regular impairment test.
Interests in associates over which Merck has significant influence are – as far as they are material – included in accordance with IAS 28 using the equity method of accounting.
Intragroup sales, expenses and income, as well as all receivables and payables between the consolidated companies, were eliminated. The effects of intragroup deliveries reported under non-current assets and inventories were adjusted by eliminating any intragroup profits.
In accordance with IAS 12, deferred taxes are applied to consolidation measures.
Currency translation
The functional currency concept applies to the translation of financial statements of consolidated companies prepared in foreign currencies. The companies of the Merck Group conduct their operations independently. The functional currency of these companies is generally the respective local currency. In accordance with IAS 21 “The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates”, assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate, and income and expenses are translated at weighted average annual rates to euros, the reporting currency. If Group companies are deconsolidated, existing currency differences are reversed and recognized in income. Business transactions that are conducted in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded using the current exchange rate on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary items (cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables) in the single-entity financial statements of the consolidated companies prepared in the functional currency are translated at the respective closing rates. Exchange differences from the translation of monetary items are recognized in the income statement with the exception of net investments in a foreign operation. Hedged items are likewise carried at the closing rate in accordance with IAS 21. The resulting gains or losses are eliminated in the income statement against offsetting amounts from the fair value measurement of derivatives. Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are carried at historical cost.
In 2009, the reporting currency of our subsidiary Merck Advanced Technologies Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, was changed from Korean won to U.S. dollars. This move reflects the fact that the transactions of this subsidiary are now primarily conducted in U.S. dollars.
Recognition of sales and other revenue
Sales are recognized net of related taxes as well as rebates, discounts and returns. They are deemed realized once the goods are delivered or the services have been rendered and the material opportunities and risks of ownership have been transferred to the purchaser. The amount of revenue can be reliably determined and payment is sufficiently probable. In addition to revenue from the sale of goods, sales also include revenue from services, but the volume involved is insignificant. Depending on the substance of the relevant agreements, commission income and license royalties are recognized either immediately or on an accrued basis if further contractual obligations exist. Dividend income is recognized when the shareholders’ right to receive the dividend is established. This is normally the date of the dividend resolution. Interest income is recognized on a time-proportionate basis using the effective rate method.
Research and development
The breakdown of research and development costs by divisions and regions is presented under Segment Reporting. In addition to the costs of research departments and process development, this item also includes the cost of purchased services and the cost of clinical trials. The costs of research and development are expensed in full in the period in which they are incurred. Development expenses in the Pharmaceuticals business sector cannot be capitalized since the high level of risk up to the time that pharmaceutical products are marketed means that the requirements of IAS 38 are not satisfied in full. Costs incurred after regulatory approval are insignificant. In the same way, the risks involved until products are marketed means that development expenses in the Chemicals business sector cannot be capitalized. In addition to our own research and development, Merck is also a partner in collaborations aimed at developing marketable products. These collaborations typically involve payments for the achievements of certain milestones.
With respect to this situation, an assessment is required as to whether these upfront or milestone payments represent compensation for services performed (research and development expense) or whether the payments represent the acquisition of a right which has to be capitalized. Reimbursements for R&D are offset against research and development costs.
Financial instruments: Principles
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. A distinction is made between nonderivative and derivative financial instruments.
Derivatives can be embedded in other financial instruments or in nonfinancial instruments. Under IFRS, an embedded derivative must be separated from the host contract and accounted for separately at fair value if the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract. Merck did not have any separable embedded derivatives during the fiscal year. Issued compound financial instruments with both an equity and a liability component must be recognized separately depending on their characteristics. Merck was not a party to hybrid or compound financial instruments during the fiscal year. As a rule, Merck accounts for regular way purchases or sales of financial instruments at the settlement date and derivatives at the trade date.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are generally measured at fair value on initial recognition, if necessary including transaction costs. The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount which would be agreed by two willing parties in an arm’s length transaction for that financial instrument. If quoted prices in an active market are available, they are used to measure the financial instrument. In other cases, generally accepted financial techniques using observable prices on the market or third-party valuations are used.
Financial assets are derecognized in part or in full if the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset have expired or if control and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset have been transferred to a third party. Financial liabilities are derecognized if the contractual obligations have been discharged, cancelled, or expire.
Financial instruments: Categories and classes of financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are classified into the following IAS 39 measurement categories and IFRS 7 classes. “Financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss” can be both nonderivative and derivative financial instruments. Financial instruments in this category are subsequently measured at fair value. Gains and losses on financial instruments in this measurement category are recognized directly in the income statement. This measurement category includes an option to designate nonderivative financial instruments as at “fair value through profit or loss” on initial recognition (fair value option) or as financial instruments held for trading. We did not apply the fair value option during the fiscal year.
Merck only assigns derivatives to the “held for trading” measurement category. Special accounting rules apply to derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments in a hedging relationship (hedge accounting).
“Held-to-maturity investments” are nonderivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity that are quoted in an active market. To be able to assign a financial asset to this measurement category, the entity must have the positive intention and ability to hold it to maturity.
These investments are subsequently measured at amortized cost. If there is objective evidence that such an asset is impaired, an impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss. Subsequent reversals of impairment losses are also recognized in profit or loss up to the amount of the original cost of the asset. At Merck, this measurement category is used for short-term securities and other current financial assets, as well as long-term investments.
“Loans and receivables” are nonderivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are subsequently measured at amortized cost. If there is objective evidence that such assets are impaired, an impairment loss is recognized in the income statement. Subsequent reversals of impairment losses are also recognized in the income statement up to the amount of the original cost of the asset. Long-term noninterest-bearing and low-interest receivables are measured at their present value. Merck primarily assigns trade receivables, loans, and miscellaneous other current and noncurrent receivables to this measurement category. Merck uses a separate allowance account for impairment losses on trade and other receivables.
“Available-for-sale financial assets” are those nonderivative financial assets that are not assigned to the measurement categories “financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss”, “loans and receivables” or “held-to-maturity investments”. Financial assets in this category are subsequently measured at fair value. Changes in fair value are recognized directly in equity and are only transferred to the income statement when the financial asset is derecognized. If there is objective evidence that such an asset is impaired, an impairment loss is recognized directly in the income statement, including any amounts already recognized in comprehensive income. Reversals of impairment losses on previously impaired equity instruments are recognized directly in equity.
Reversals of impairment losses on previously impaired debt instruments are recognized in profit or loss up to the amount of the impairment loss. Any amount in excess of this is recognized directly in equity.
At Merck, this measurement category is used in particular for short-term securities and other current financial assets, as well as long-term financial investments and securities.
Financial assets in this category for which no fair value is available or fair value cannot be reliably measured are measured at cost less any cumulative impairment losses. Impairment losses on financial assets carried at cost may not be reversed.
“Other financial liabilities” are nonderivative financial liabilities that are subsequently measured at amortized cost. Differences between the amount received and the amount to be repaid are amortized to profit or loss over the maturity of the instrument. Merck primarily assigns financial liabilities, trade payables, and miscellaneous other nonderivative current and noncurrent liabilities to this category.
There were no reclassifications between the aforementioned measurement categories during the fiscal year.
The classes required to be disclosed in accordance with IFRS 7 consist of the measurement categories set out above. Additionally, cash and cash equivalents with an original maturity of up to 90 days, finance lease liabilities, and hedging derivatives used in hedge accounting are also classes in accordance with IFRS 7. See note [39] for a detailed overview.
Financial instruments: Derivative and hedge accounting
Merck uses derivatives solely to hedge recognized assets or liabilities and forecast transactions. Hedge accounting in accordance with IFRSs is applied to part of these hedges. A distinction is made between fair value hedge accounting and cash flow hedge accounting. As a rule, designation of a hedging relationship requires a hedged item (underlying) and a hedging instrument specifically assigned to that hedged item. At Merck, all hedges relate to existing or highly probable hedged items. Merck only uses derivatives as hedging instruments.
Changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item and the hedging instrument must be effective at all times. In both cash flow and fair value hedges, the ineffective portion of the gain or loss on a hedging instrument is recognized in profit or loss. Merck uses the dollar offset method to measure hedge effectiveness. There are strict documentation requirements for hedge accounting. Derivatives that do not or no longer meet the documentation or effectiveness requirements for hedge accounting, or whose hedged item no longer exists, are reported as “financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.” Changes in fair value are then recognized in profit or loss.
As a rule, the purpose of a fair value hedge is to offset the exposure to changes in the fair value of recognized hedged items (financial assets or financial liabilities) through offsetting changes in the fair value of a hedging instrument. Offsetting gains and losses on the hedging instrument resulting from changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss, net of deferred taxes. Offsetting gains and losses on the hedged item that are attributable to the hedged risk are also recognized in profit or loss, irrespective of the item’s allocation to a measurement category. At Merck, cash flow hedges are normally a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows resulting from highly probable forecast transactions in foreign currencies. In cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gains and losses on the hedging instrument is recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item occurs. This is also the case if the hedging instrument expires, is sold, or is terminated before the hedged transaction occurs. The ineffective portion of a cash flow hedge is always recognized in profit or loss. See note [37] for a detailed overview.
Other non-financial assets and liabilities
Other non-financial assets are carried at amortized cost. Impairment losses are recognized for any credit risks. Long-term non-interest-bearing and low-interest receivables are carried at their present value. Other non-financial liabilities are carried at the amount to be repaid.
Inventories
Inventories are carried at cost using the weighted average method. In accordance with IAS 2, in addition to directly attributable unit costs, manufacturing costs also include overheads attributable to the production process, including an appropriate share of depre ciation charges on production facilities, which are determined on the basis of normal capacity utilization of the production facilities.
Inventories are written down if the net realizable value is lower than the acquisition or manufacturing cost carried in the balance sheet.
Intangible assets
Acquired intangible assets are recognized at cost and are classified as assets with finite and indefinite useful lives. Self-developed intangible assets are not capitalized. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives acquired in the course of business combinations are recognized at fair value on the date of acquisition. This includes purchased goodwill and intangible assets used in products that have not yet reached market maturity. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, however they are tested for impairment when a triggering event arises or at least once a year in accordance with IAS 36. Goodwill is tested for impairment either annually or if there are indications of impairment, and is allocated to cash-generating units. A cash-generating unit is normally a segment as presented under Segment Reporting.
In a few cases, the cash-generating unit is a company or a business field (reporting level within a segment). The carrying amounts of the cash-generating units are compared with their recoverable amounts and impairment losses are recognized where recoverable amount is lower than the carrying amount. The recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit is determined as the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use estimated using the discounted cash flow method. When measuring goodwill, Merck determines the recoverable amount by discounting expected cash flows and therefore uses the value in use method. Reference is made to existing forecasts that usually cover a period of four years. Cash flows for periods in excess of this are included using a long-term growth rate of 1.0% that is applied uniformly to all cash-generating units. The expected future cash flows are discounted using a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 7.5% after taxes (2008: 9.5%). A 10% reduction in future cash flows was assumed when calculating sensitivity. We regard greater volatility as unlikely based on our experience. If the actual future cash flows were 10% lower than the expected cash flows, this would lower the goodwill of the Consumer Health Care division by € 6 million. In this case, the cash-generating unit is a Group company.
Any impairment losses on other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are calculated in the same way as for goodwill. Fair value less costs to sell was used to determine the recoverable amount of income from licensing agreements capitalized during the purchase price allocation for Serono. Future product cash flows that were calculated using external market data are discounted to their present value. The discount rate amounts to 8.25% (2008: 9.68%) and is determined on the basis of market data for a peer group of companies.
Impairment losses recognized on indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill are reversed if the original reasons for impairment no longer apply. Intangible assets with a finite useful life are depreciated using the straight-line method. The useful lives of acquired concessions, property rights, licenses, patents, brand names, trademarks and software are between 3 and 15 years. Amortization of intangible assets other than software is reported separately. This item primarily comprises amortization in connection with the allocation of the Serono purchase price, but also to a lesser extent amortization of other intangible assets. Amortization of software is allocated to the functional areas in the income statement.
An impairment test is performed if there are indications of impairment. Impairment losses are determined using the same methodology as for indefinite-lived intangible assets. Impairment losses recognized on finite-lived intangible assets are reversed if the original reasons for impairment no longer apply.
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment is carried at the cost of acquisition or manufacture less depreciation. The component approach is applied here in accordance with IAS 16. Subsequent acquisition and manufacturing costs are only capitalized if it is probable that future economic benefits will arise for the Group and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. The cost of manufacture of self-constructed property, plant and equipment is calculated on the basis of the directly attributable unit costs and an appropriate share of overheads, including depreciation and write-downs. Financing costs are capitalized if material. In accordance with IAS 20, costs of acquisition or manufacture are reduced by the amount of government grants in those cases where government grants or subsidies have been paid for the acquisition or manufacture of assets (investment grants). Grants related to expenses which no longer offset future expenses are recognized in income. Property, plant and equipment is depreciated by the straight-line method over the useful life of the asset concerned. The useful life applied to production buildings is a maximum of 33 years. Administration buildings are depreciated over a maximum of 40 years. The useful lives of machinery and technical equipment is between 6 and 20 years, and between 3 and 10 years for other facilities, factory and office equipment. The useful lives are reviewed regularly and adjusted if necessary. If indications of a decline in value exist, an impairment test is performed. The determination of the possible need to recognize impairments proceeds in the same as for intangible assets. If the reasons for an impairment loss no longer exist, a write-up is recorded.
Investment property
Assets of this category are of minor importance to the Merck Group and are carried at cost.
Leasing
Where assets are leased and economic ownership lies with the Group company (finance lease), the asset is recognized at the present value of the lease payments or the lower fair value in accordance with IAS 17 and depreciated over its useful life. The corresponding payment obligations from future lease payments are recorded as liabilities.
Deferred taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences of consolidated companies between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and its tax base as well as from consolidation activities, as far as the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled in future periods. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded in particular for tax loss carryforwards if and insofar as their utilization is probable in the foreseeable future. In accordance with the liability method, the tax rates applicable or enacted as of balance sheet date are used.
Provisions
Provisions are recognized in the balance sheet if Merck has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably. The carrying value of provisions takes into account the amounts required to cover future payment obligations, recognizable risks and uncertain obligations of the Merck Group to third parties. Measurement is based on the settlement amount with the highest probability or if the probabilities are equivalent, it is based on the expected value of the settlement amounts. Long-term provisions are discounted and carried at their present value as of the end of the reporting period. To the extent that reimbursement claims exist as defined in IAS 37, they are recognized separately as an asset if their realization is virtually certain.
Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits
Provisions for pensions and other post-employment benefits are recorded in the balance sheet in accordance with IAS 19. Depending on the legal, economic and fiscal circumstances prevailing in each country, different retirement benefit systems are provided for the employees of the Merck Group. As a rule, these systems are based on length of service and salary of the employees. Pension obligations of the Merck Group include both defined benefit and defined contribution plans and comprise both obligations from current pensions and accrued benefits for pensions payable in the future. In the Merck Group, defined benefit plans are funded and unfunded. The bulk of obligations from current pensions and accrued benefits for pensions payable in the future is covered by the provisions disclosed here. The smaller portion is covered by funded pension commitments. These provisions also contain other post-employment benefits, such as accrued future healthcare costs for pensioners in the United States.
The obligations of our companies under defined benefit plans are measured using the projected unit credit method. Under the projected unit credit method, dynamic parameters are taken into account in calculating the expected benefit payments after an insured event occurs; these payments are spread over the entire period of service of the participating employees. Annual actuarial opinions are prepared for this purpose. In accordance with the option under IAS 19.93A, actuarial gains and losses resulting from changes in actuarial assumptions and/or experience adjustments (the effects of differences between the previous actuarial assumptions and what has actually occurred) are recognized immediately in equity as soon as they are incurred taking deferred taxes into account. The gains and losses recognized in equity are disclosed separately in the Statement of Comprehensive Income.