In 2013, royalty and license expenses amounted to € 212.8 million (2012: € 208.1 million) and commission expenses totaled € 354.2 million (2012: € 371.7 million).
The sales-dependent royalty payments represented selling expenses and were expensed in the period in which they were incurred. Of significance here are the marketing rights to Erbitux® outside the United States and Canada, for which expenses totaling € 80.9 million (2012: € 86.5 million) were incurred in 2013.
Co-marketing agreements lead to sales-dependent commission payments that are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. The commission expenses incurred related mainly to the marketing of Rebif® in the United States, for which expenses of € 302.4 million were incurred in 2013 (2012: € 309.5 million). These also represented exclusively selling expenses.
The breakdown of royalty, license and commission expenses by division is presented in the Segment reporting (see Note [51]).