Research and development costs decreased slightly in 2012 by 0.2% to € 1,511.3 million (2011: € 1,514.0) 1 and were thus nearly at the previous year’s level. In particular, a decline in the Merck Serono division, which reported one-time items of € 41.7 million in 2011, was offset by an expansion of research in the biopharmaceutical sector of the Merck Millipore division. Reimbursements for R & D amounting to € 37.2 million (2011: € 22.9 million) were offset against research and development costs. This figure also included government subsidies of € 6.4 million. The breakdown of research and development costs by division is presented in the Segment Reporting (see Note [53]).
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